Name____________________________________

Section__________

Multiple Choice (100 points). Please indicate the best answer to each question by placing an "X" over the appropriate letter preceding the correct answer.

1. Rough endoplasmic reticulum refers to the association between

A) DNA and ribosomes B) RNA and ribosomes

C) DNA and endoplasmic reticulum D) endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes.

2. Amyoplasts are plastids that store

A) lipids B) nucleic acids

C) protein D) starch.

3. The internal membranes of which organelle are referred to as grana and stroma

A) chloroplasts B) chromoplasts

C) mitochondria D) vacuoles

4. Enzymes are

A) carbohydrates B) fats

C) lipids D) proteins

5. Fatty acids (lipids) are introduced into the Kreb's Cycle for metabolism as

A) Acetyl-CoA) B) glucose

C) pyruvate D) a three carbon compound

6. Glucose is the only sugar that moves directly into glycolosis. How are other sugars metabolized?

A) They are interconverted into glucose

B) They can not be metabolized

C) They have a separate pathway

D) Plants only produce glucose and need not metabolize other sugars

7. NADH is produced during one of the steps of glycolosis when

A) ATP is produced. B) bonds are shifted.

C) C - C bonds break D) CO₂ is released.

8. CO2 is derived primarily in

A) Electron transport B) glycolosis

C) TCA) D) equally in all processes

A) fermentation. B) the Kreb’s cycle.

C) photosynthesis. D) starch formation.

10. The electron transport chain of the light reactions create a H+ gradient that drives

A) ATP synthase (ATPase) B) FAD synthase (FADase)

C) NAD synthase (NADase) D) NADH synthase (NADHase)

11. TCA) occurs in which part of the cell?

A) cytoplasm B) chloroplast

C) mitochondria D) vacuole

A) accessory pigments B) antennae pigments

C) it is not absorbed D) all light is either 680 or 700 nm

13. The light dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur in

A) cristae B) cytoplasm

C) grana D) stroma

14. Photorespiration refers to

A) photosynthetic fixation of CO2 during daylight hours

B) photosynthetic fixation of O2 during daylight hours

C) generating O2 during daylight hours in respiration

D) generating O2 during daylight hours in respiration

15. How many CO2 must be incorporated in the Calvin cycle to produce 1 glucose

A) 2 B) 4

C) 6 D) 12

16. CAM metabolism commonly occurs in

A) cacti B) dicots

C) grasses D) monocots

17. Cyclic photosynthesis results in the production of

A) ATP B) FADH

C) NADH D) NADPH

18. Auxins are used routinely in the production of horticultural plants to stimulate

A) bud production B) flower production

C) root production D) shoot production

19. The application of which of the following is most likely to result in germination of dormant seed

A) ABA) B) cytokinins

C) GA) D) IAA

20. Ethylene is most noted for its ability to stimulate

A) bud growth B) flower production

C) fruit ripening D) root production

21. The bending of plants at the edge of a wooded area is typically due to

A) competition B) gravitropism

C) photoperiodism D) phototropism

22. Auxin mediated phototropism is caused by

A) auxin degradation B) auxin synthesis in the dark

C) auxin transport to the dark side D) changing the auxin sensitivity

A) the amount of light B) the minimum amount of light

C) the minimum amount of dark D) the maximum amount of dark

24. Which of the following is essential for a short day plant to flower

A) a short day B) a long day

C) a short night D) a long night

25. If you wish to prevent flowering in a short day plant, you can interrupt

A) the dark period B) the light period

C) both the dark and light D) either the dark or the light

26. Stratification is a process to overcome dormancy that entails

A) abrading seeds B) cooling plants

C) cooling seeds D) warming seeds

27. A) quiescent seed is one that requires which of the following to germinate?

A) stratification B) scarification

C) an appropriate environment D) a warm period

28. If a seed has an immature embryo, which of the following will alleviate this problem

A) a cold period B) a warm period

C) ingestion by an animal D) soaking in water

29. Homologous chromosomes pair-up and migrate to opposite poles during

A) cell division B) cell replication

C) meiosis D) mitosis

30. Meiosis occurs in

A) all cells B) flower cells.

C) reproductive cells D) somatic cells

31. Cross-overs are most likely to occur during

A) anaphase I B) anaphase II

C) metaphase I D) metaphase II

32. Which of the following base pairings will occur in RNA

A) A-C) B) A-G

C) A-T D) A-U

33. Transcription is the process of

A) DNA) synthesis B) mRNA) synthesis

C) tRNA) synthesis D) rRNA) synthesis

34. The ribosome binds

A) mRNA) B) tRNA)

C) rRNA) D) proteins

35. A plant that is homozygous for a trait is necessarily

A) dominant B) recessive

C) may be either dominant or recessive D) can not be either dominant or recessive

36. If two genes always segregate together during meiosis they are considered

A) co-dominant B) dominant

C) linked D) recessive

A) 3 red: 1 white B) 1 red: 2 pink: 1 white

C) 1 red: 1 white D) 1 pink: 1 white

38. The closer two genes are on a single chromosome, the more likely which of the following

A) a cross-over will occur B) a cross-over will not occur

C) segregation will occur D) segregation will occur

39. An important driving force behind natural selection is

A) dominance B) linkage

C) variation D) interbreeding

40. Plants within a species that grow together but flower at different times is an example of

A) competition B) natural selection

C) reproductive isolation D) ecotypes

A) The potential genetic contribution of one parent.

B) The potential contribution of "R" from parent 1 and "r" from parent 2.

C) The genotype of all offspring.

D) The genotype of 50% of the offspring.

42. The plant cell wall is active in osmosis since it

A) applies a pressure on the cell B) does not allow anything to pass through

C) does not allow water to pass through D) is a differentially permeable membrane

43. Transpiration is the process by which plants

A) absorb CO2 B) close stomates

C) open stomates D) lose water

44. The plant regulates the rate of transpiration by

A) diameter of trachiary elements B) root epidermal cell membranes

C) source – sink relations D) stomates

45. Which of the following plant hormones stimulates stomates to close:

A) ABA) B) GA

C) high temperature D) wind

46. Water movement in the xylem is driven by

A) a pumping action in the stem B) a pumping action in the roots

C) cohesion tension D) root pressure

47. Water movement in the xylem occurs primarily in the

A) newly formed vessels B) old vessels

C) pith D) all xylem

48. Phloem transport during the summer typically moves from

A) the leaves to the roots B) the roots to the leaves

C) the leaves to the shoot tip D) the leaves to both the shoot tip and roots

49. Carbohydrates transported from source to sink move

A) along the transpiration stream B) along a concentration gradient

C) along a tugor pressure gradient D) due to a potassium pump

50. A leaf is

A) always a sink B) always a source

C) never a sink D) sometimes a sink

51. Which of the following is not an essential element for all plants

A) cobalt B) copper

C) magnesium D) zinc

52. Lime is a source of which of these elements

A) Ca B) K

C) N D) P

53. How does a plant accumulate ions from the soil, which has a lower concentration than the plant?

A) applies pressure to push ions into the cell

B) applies tension to pull the ions into the cell

C) expends energy to transport ions against the concentration gradient

D) roots grow around soil particles trapping the ions in a cell

A) membrane becomes leaky B) membrane breaks

C) water moves into cell D) water moves out of cell

55. Increasing the clay content of a soil

A) decreases water holding capacity B) decreases pH

C) increases CEC) D) increases porosity (air in the soil)

56. The pH of the soil is important since it directly effects

A) nutrient availability B) phloem pressure

C) root cell membranes D) water availability

57. CEC) is a measure of

A) acidity B) fertility

C) porosity D) water holding capacity

58. Typically, the most limiting inorganic element to plant growth is

A) cobalt B) calcium

C) nitrogen D) potassium

59. Epigeous germination is defined by the

A) cotyledons emerging from the soil B) cotyledons remaining below the soil

C) epicotyl emerging from the soil D) epicotyl remaining below the soil

60. The first step in seed germination regardless of the viability of the seed is

A) enzyme activation B) imbibition

C) plumule emergence D) radicle emergence

61. A cold dormancy in seed can be overcome by applying which growth regulator

A) ABA B) BA

C) GA D) IAA

62. The polar nuclei of an egg develop into

A) cotyledons B) endosperm

C) embryo D) seed coat

63. The pollen tube nucleus fertilizes which megagametophyte nucleus?

A) antipodals B) egg

C) polar D) none of these

64. What is the ploidy level of the endosperm?

A) 1n B) 2n

C) 3n D) 4n

65. Which of the following is a non-dehiscent fruit?

A) berry B) capsule

C) follicle D) pod

66. A dehiscent, dry fruit formed from multiple carpels is a

A) achene B) berry

C) capsule D) drupe

67. Dodder is an example of what type of plant?

A) epiphytic B) parasitic

C) saprophytic D) mutualistic

68. An ecosystem can be defined as

A) all the individuals of a species B) all the species

C) all species and the physical environment D) a complex of many communities

69. Endomycorrhizae grow

A) only on specific plants B) on a wide range of plants

C) easily in sterile culture D) the same as ectomycorrhizae

70. The relationship between mycorrhizae fungi and plants can be best described as

A) antagonism B) cannibalism

C) mutualism D) parasitism

A) lectin B) leghemoglobin

C) nitrogenase D) bradyrhizobium

72. The most intense competition is between plants

A) in the same species B) in different species

C) of the same growth habit D) of the same growth rate

A allelopathy B bark

C phytoalexins D thickened cuticles

74. The flora we observed in the wood in this area is typical of

A) the coastal plain B) the piedmont

C) transition from piedmont to coastal plain D) the mountains

76. A three carpeled ovary is derived from how many simple ovaries?

A) 1 B) 3

C) 6 D) you can not determine

77. The sepals of a flower are collectively referred to as the

A) androecium B) calyx

C) corolla D) gynoecium

78. Which of the following is a descriptive term used for leaf shape:

A) acute B) ovate

C) serrate D) truncate

79. Pubescence refers to

A) hairs B) leaf margins

C) leaf shape D) stem color

80. Fleshy seed coats are indicative of which dispersal mechanism

A animal B explosive

C water D wind

81. The conducting cell of the xylem of a pine tree is the

A) sclereid B) sieve element

C) tracheid D) vessel member

82. The outermost layer of the vascular cylinder or stele of roots is the

A) endodermis B) pericycle

C) periderm D) primary phloem

83. Secondary xylem and secondary phloem develop from the

A) ground meristem B) periderm

C) procambium D) vascular cambium

84. Which are never features of the walls of tracheary elements?

A) pit membranes B) perforations

C) rings and spirals D) pores

85. The veins of leaves develop from this primary meristem

A) ground meristem B) procambium

C) protoderm D) vascular cambium

86. The tissue from which branch roots develop is the

A) node B) pericycle

C) vascular cambium D) protoderm

87. Companion cells are in the same phloem that contains

A) albuminous cells B) ordinary cells

C) sieve-tube members D) vessels

88. The Casparian band or strip is a modification of the primary walls of the

A) endodermis B) pericycle

C) procambium D) protoderm

89. The mesophyll of leaves develops from this primary meristem

A) ground meristem B) procambium

C) protoderm D) vascular cambium

90. The pores of sieve elements develop from the

A) compound middle lamella B) perforations

C) pits D) plasmodesmata

91. The tissue which forms part of the vascular cambium of stems with secondary growth is the

A) endodermis B) interfascicular region

C) pericycle D) protoderm

92. Which is a lateral meristem?

C) root cap meristem D) procambium

93. The long cells of sclerenchyma are

A) fibers B) sclereids

C) tracheids D) vessels

94. Leaf traces develop from the

A) ground meristem B) interfascicular region

C) procambium D) vascular cambium

95. Ray initials and fusiform initials are cells of the

A) cork cambium B) periderm

C) procambium D) vascular cambium

96. The innermost layer of the cortex of roots is the

A) endodermis B) pericycle

C) periderm D) vascular cambium

97. Which of these cells is dead at maturity?

A) collenchyma B) parenchyma

C) sieve elements D) tracheary elements

98. The primary meristem that forms the epidermis is the

A) ground meristem B) periderm

C) procambium D) protoderm

99. Which is never a component of phloem?

A) fiber B) parenchyma

C) sieve element D) tracheid

100. The tissue which makes part of the vascular cambium of roots with secondary growth is the

A) endodermis B) interfascicular region

C) periderm D) pericycle