Family Cixiidae

Subfamily Cixiinae

Tribe Pentastirini Emeljanov, 1971

Genus Pentastiridius Kirschbaum, 1868.

Type species (in original combination):  Flata pallens Germar, 1821.

Synonyms: None.

Distribution: Widespread, except for Australian and Neotropical ecozones.

Recognized species

There are two species in this genus north of Mexico as follows

Pentastiridius cinnamomeus (Provancher, 1889) - USA: CT, DE, MA, ME, NH, NJ, NY, PA; CAN: BC, ON, QC, NB
     = Oliarus cinnamomeus Provancher, 1889: 223.
     = Pentastiridius cinnamomeus (Provancher, 1889); comb. by Emeljanov 2001: 122.
Pentastiridius habeckorum (Mead & Kramer, 1982) - USA: NC, SC, VA
     = Oliarus habeckorum Mead & Kramer, 1982: 443-446.
     = Pentastiridius habeckorum (Mead & Kramer, 1982); comb. by Emeljanov 2001: 122.

Old World species

The Old World species are divided into 7 subgenera (not including the nominotypical subgenus)

There are at least 37 additional species in this genus as follows (species listing from FLOW; listing may be incomplete; some terminations may need correction)

Pentastiridius apicalis (Uhler, 1896)
Pentastiridius badiensis Van Stalle, 1986
Pentastiridius beieri (Wagner, 1970)
Pentastiridius bifurcata Van Stalle, 1986
Pentastiridius breviceps (Kusnezov, 1937)
Pentastiridius confumata Emeljanov, 1992
Pentastiridius dedecora Emeljanov, 1992
Pentastiridius ecarinatus (Mitjaev, 1971)
Pentastiridius eurycephala Van Stalle, 1986
Pentastiridius felimontis Van Stalle, 1986
Pentastiridius felis (Kirkaldy, 1906)
Pentastiridius formicarius (Mitjaev, 1967)
Pentastiridius haloxyli (Mitjaev, 1971)
Pentastiridius inculta Emeljanov, 1986
Pentastiridius inermis (Fennah, 1957)
Pentastiridius iphis (Linnavuori, 1973)
Pentastiridius kassalana Van Stalle, 1986
Pentastiridius laevifrons Mitjaev, 1977
Pentastiridius lata (Melichar, 1905)
Pentastiridius leporinus (Linné, 1761)
Pentastiridius limbifer (Hesse, 1925)
Pentastiridius liocara Emeljanov, 1978
Pentastiridius lukjanovitshi (Kusnezov, 1937)
Pentastiridius moestus (Stål, 1855)
Pentastiridius nanus (Ivanoff, 1885)
Pentastiridius nigripennis (Synave, 1960)
Pentastiridius obscura (Signoret, 1865)
Pentastiridius ovatus (Metcalf, 1955)
Pentastiridius pallens (Germar, 1821)
Pentastiridius paula Logvinenko, 1978
Pentastiridius proxima Logvinenko, 1978
Pentastiridius sinaitica (Horváth, 1913)
Pentastiridius spinicoronata Dlabola, 1988
Pentastiridius sudanicus (Lallemand, 1925)
Pentastiridius suezensis (Matsumura, 1910)
Pentastiridius verheyeni (Synave, 1953)
Pentastiridius virgultivagus (Hesse, 1925)

Economic Importance:

Pentastiridius apicalis is known to occur on rice.  Other Pentastiridius (especially Pentastiridius leporinus) are known or thought to be plant disease vectors (of bacteria). 

Known host plants: 

Pentastiridius apicalis - Oryza sativa L. (Rice, Poaceae)

Pentastiridius iphis - Ludia (Salicaceae)

Pentastiridius pachyceps (Matsumura) - Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (Bermudagrass) (current nomenclatural status of this species requires review)

Hosts from Wilson et al. 1994; plant names from USDA PLANTS or Tropicos.

Recognition:

With lateral spines on hind tibiae, mesonotum with 5 carinae, posterior margin of vertex angularly incised, middle portion of costal area of each forewing thickened, dark, and setaceous

Pentastiridius cinnamomeus (all photographs by Kimberley Shropshire, University of Delaware)

Collecting

[?]

Molecular resources: As of this writing, Genbank has data for Pentastiridius leporinus, P. beieri,P. pachyceps; there are no molecular data for this genus on Barcode of Life.

Selected references:

Aoki, M., M. Tanaka, and Y. Narimatsu. 2011. Pentastiridius apicalis as probable vector of strawberry marginal chlorosis and its life cycle in Hokkaido. Annual Report of the Society of Plant Protection of North Japan 62: 169-173.

Arneodo, J.D., A. Bressan, J. Lherminier, J. Michel, and E. Boudon-Padieu. 2008. Ultrastructural detection of an unusual intranuclear bacterium in Pentastiridius leporinus (Hemiptera: Cixiidae). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 97(3): 310-313.

Bressan, A. 2009. Agronomic practices as potential sustainable options for the management of Pentastiridius leporinus (Hemiptera: Cixiidae) in sugar beet crops. Journal of Applied Entomology 133(9-10): 760-766. pdf

Bressan, A., F. Terlizzi, and R. Credi. 2012. Independent origins of vectored plant pathogenic bacteria from arthropod-associated Arsenophonus endosymbionts. Microbial Ecology 63(3): 628-638

Bressan, A., F.J.M. Garcia, and E. Boudon-Padieu. 2011. The prevalence of 'Candidatus Arsenophonus phytopathogenicus' infecting the planthopper Pentastiridius leporinus (Hemiptera: Cixiidae) increase non linearly with the population abundance in sugar beet fields. Environmental Entomology 40(6): 1345-1352.

Bressan, A., F.J.M. Garcia, O. Semetey, and E. Boudon-Padieu. 2010. Spatio-temporal pattern of Pentastiridius leporinus migration in an ephemeral cropping system. Agricultural and Forest Entomology 12(1): 59-68.

Bressan, A., W.E. Holzinger, B. Nusillard, O. Sémétey, F. Gatineau, M. Simonato and E. Boudon-Padieu 2009. Identification and biological traits of a planthopper from the genus Pentastiridius (Hemiptera: Cixiidae) adapted to an annual cropping rotation. European Journal of Entomology 106: 405-413 pdf

Demir, E. 2006. Contributions to the knowledge of Turkish Auchenorrhyncha (Homoptera) with a new record, Pentastiridius nanus (Ivanoff, 1885). Munis Entomology and Zoology 1(1): 97-122.

Emeljanov, A. F. 2001. The generic position of some Nearctic Pentastirini (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea: Cixiidae). Zoosystematica Rossica 9(1): 122.

Gatineau, F. , J. Larrue, D. Clair, D. Lorton, M. Richard-Molard, and E. Boudon-Padieu. 2001. A new natural planthopper vector of stolbur phytoplasma in the genus Pentastiridius (Hemiptera: Cixiidae). European Journal of Plant Pathology 107: 263-271.

Gatineau, F., N. Jacob, S. Vautrin, J. Larrue, J. Lherminier, M.M. Richard, and E. Padieu. 2002. Association with the syndrome "basses richesses" of sugar beet of a phytoplasma and a bacterium-like organism transmitted by a Pentastiridius sp. Phytopathology 92(4): 384-392 pdf

Kalkandelen, A. 1993. Türkiye Cixiidae (Homoptera) Türleri Üzerinde Taksonomik Çalışmalar, I. Familyanın Morfolojik Özellikleri ve Cins Teşhis. Anahtarı. V. Pentastirini: Pseudoliarus ve Setapius. [Taxonomic studies on the species of Cixiidae (Homoptera) from Turkey. 5. Pentastirini: Pentastiridius and Setapius]. Bitki Koruma Bulteni 30(1-4)): 3-27.

Kalkandelen, A. 1990. Türkiye Cixiidae (Homoptera) Türleri Üzerinde Taksonomik Çalışmalar. V. Pentastirini: Pentastiridius ve Sepapius. Bitki Koruma Bulteni 30(1-4): 3-27.

Mead, F. W. and J. P. Kramer. 1982. Taxonomic study of the planthopper genus Oliarus in the United States (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea: Cixiidae). Transactions of the American Entomological Society 107(4): 381-569.

Sémétey, O. 2005. Characteristics of transmission by Pentastiridius leporinus (Hemiptera, Cixiidae) of a phytopathogenic bacterium-like organism closely related to bacterial endosymbionts of hemiptera. In: The 12th International Auchenorrhyncha Congress and concurrent 6th International Workshop on Leafhoppers and Planthoppers of Economic Significance. University of California, Berkeley. Pp. P43-P44 pdf

Sémétey, O., F. Gatineau, A. Bressan, and A. Boudon-Padieu. 2007. Characterization of a γ-3 proteobacteria responsible for the syndrome “basses richesses” of sugar beet transmitted by Pentastiridius sp. (Hemiptera, Cixiidae). Phytopathology 97(1): 72-78. pdf

Van Stalle, J. 1986. Revision of Afrotropical Pentastirini (Homoptera, Cixiidae) 2. The genus Pentastiridius Kirschbaum, 1868. Bulletin et Annales de la Societe Royale Belge d'Entomologie 122(4-6): 81-105.

Wilson, S. W., C. Mitter, R. F. Denno, and M. R. Wilson.1994. Evolutionary patterns of host plant use by delphacid planthoppers and their relatives. In: R. F. Denno and T. J. Perfect, (eds.). Planthoppers: Their Ecology and Management. Chapman and Hall, New York. Pp. 7-45 & Appendix