Family Delphacidae

Subfamily Stenocraninae 

Tribe Stenocranini

 

Distribution: Mostly Holarctic.

Type species (in original combination): Fulgora minuta Fabricius, 1787.

Subgenera

Hamilton (2006) described the subgenus Codex (Type Delphax dorsalis Fitch 1851) and placed all but 2 new world species (viz. including S. acutus Beamer, 1946a, S. arundineus Metcalf, 1923, S. brunneus Beamer, 1946a, S. delicatus Beamer, 1946a, S. dorsalis (Fitch, 1851), S. lautus Van Duzee, 1897, S. ramosus Beamer, 1946a, S. similis Crawford, 1914, S. unipunctatus (Provancher, 1872 nec. Beamer, 1946a), and S. vittatus (Stål, 1862); The subgenus Stenocranus includes S. felti Van Duzee, Stenocranus sandersoni Beamer, 1946, and presumably the European Stenocranus.

 

Recognized species

There are 68 species currently placed in this genus.

New World
1 Stenocranus acutus Beamer, 1946 - USA: Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, Mississippi
2 Stenocranus angustus Crawford, 1914 - USA: Georgia; Belize, Honduras
3 Stenocranus arundineus Metcalf, 1923 - USA: Georgia, North Carolina; Canada: Alberta
4 Stenocranus brunneus Beamer, 1946 - USA: Illinois, Kansas, North Carolina, South Carolina
5 Stenocranus delicatus Beamer, 1946 - USA: Illinois, Kansas
6 Stenocranus dorsalis (Fitch, 1851) (including S. pallidus Beamer 1946) - USA: Colorado, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Florida, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Maine, Michigan, Missouri, Nebraska, New York, New Jersey, New Hampshire, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, Wisconsin; Canada: Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Nunavet, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Saskatchewan; Isle of Pines (West Indies)
7 Stenocranus felti Van Duzee, 1910 - USA: Maine, New Hampshire, New York; Canada: Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Saskatchewan
8 Stenocranus lautus Van Duzee, 1897 - USA: Connecticut, District of Columbia, Florida, Iowa, Illinois, Kansas, Maryland, Michigan, Missouri, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia; Canada: British Columbia?, Ontario, Quebec; Cuba
9 Stenocranus ramosus Beamer, 1946 - USA: Florida, Georgia, North Carolina
10 Stenocranus sandersoni Beamer, 1946 - USA: IL; Canada: British Columbia, Ontario, Quebec, Saskatchewan
11 Stenocranus similis Crawford, 1914 - USA: Alabama, Illinois, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina

12 Stenocranus unipunctatus (Provancher, 1872) - USA: Illinois, New Hampshire; Canada: Ontario, Quebec
13 Stenocranus vittatus (Stal, 1862) -

Incertae sedis (Not a Stenocranus, see Bartlett, 2010)
14 Stenocranus maculipes (Berg, 1879) - Argentina

Western Palearctic (Distribution information incomplete)
1 Stenocranus fuscovittatus (Stal, 1858) - Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, China (Manchuria), Czech Republic (Bohemia, Moravia), Denmark, Estonia, France, Georgia, Germany, Great Britain (England), Hungary, Italy, Kazakhstan, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Switzerland
2 Stenocranus gialovus Asche et al. 1983 - Greece
3 Stenocranus linnapallidus Asche, 1985 - Israel
4 Stenocranus longipennis (Curtis, 1837) - Algeria, England, France, Germany, Ireland, Russia

5 Stenocranus major (Kirschbaum, 1868) - , Austria, Czech Republic (Bohemia, Moravia), Denmark, Germany, Great Britain, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Sweden, "Yugoslavia"
6 Stenocranus minutus (Fabricius, 1787) - Widespread Europe, Russia, North Africa


Eastern Palearctic, Asia, Indo-Malayan, Pacific
1 Stenocranus agamopsyche Kirkaldy, 1906 - Australia: Queensland; Philippines (Luzon), Taiwan, China; Mariana Is., western Caroline Is.
2 Stenocranus ajmerensis Joesph, 1964 - W. India
3 Stenocranus akashiensis Matsumura, 1935 - Japan (Honshu)
4 Stenocranus anomalus Chen and Liang, 2005 - China
5 Stenocranus bakeri Muir, 1917 - Philippines (Luzon)
6 Stenocranus castaneus Ding, 1981 - China
7 Stenocranus chenzhouensis Ding, 1981 - China
8 Stenocranus cyperi Ding, 2006 - China (Yunnan)
9 Stenocranus danjicus Kuoh, 1980 - China (Kuoh et al. 1980)
10 Stenocranus elongatus Matsumura, 1935 - Japan (Honshu, Kyushu)
11 Stenocranus fallax Matsumura, 1935 - China (Shansi), '- Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu)
12 Stenocranus formosanus Matsumura, 1935 - Taiwan
13 Stenocranus harimensis Matsumura, 1935 - Japan (Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku)
14 Stenocranus hokkaidoensis Metcalf, 1943 - Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu), Russia (Maritime Territory)
15 Stenocranus hongtiaus Kuoh, 1980 - China
16 Stenocranus hopponis Matsumura, 1935 - Taiwan
17 Stenocranus jiangpuensis Ding, 2006 - China (Jiangsu)
18 Stenocranus koreanus Matsumura, 1935 - Korea, Korean Peninsula
19 Stenocranus linearis Ding, 1981 - China
20 Stenocranus longicapitis Ding, 1981 - China
21 Stenocranus luteus Muir, 1917 - Amboyna (Ambon Island, indonesia); Malaysia
22 Stenocranus macromaculatus Ding, 2006 - China (Jiling)
23 Stenocranus matsumurai Metcalf, 1943 - China (Shansi), Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu), Russia (Maritime Territory), Taiwan,
24 Stenocranus montanus Huang & Ding, 1980 - China
25 Stenocranus neopacificus Muir, 1917 - Papua New Guinea, Amboyna Malaysia
26 Stenocranus nigrocaudatus Ding, 1981 - China
27 Stenocranus niisimai Matsumura, 1935 - Japan (Hokkaido)
28 Stenocranus ogasawarensis Matsumura, 1935 - Bonin Islands (South of Japan)
29 Stenocranus oroba Fennah, 1975 - Sri Lanka
30 Stenocranus ozenumensis Ishihara, 1952 - Japan (Honshu)
31 Stenocranus pacificus Kirkaldy, 1907 - Fiji , Palau, Caroline Islands; Philippines
32 Stenocranus planus Yang, 1989 - Taiwan
33 Stenocranus polenor Fennah, 1975 - Sri Lanka
34 Stenocranus pseudopacificus Muir, 1916 - Philippines (Luzon)
35 Stenocranus qiandainus Kuoh, 1980 - China
36 Stenocranus rufilinearis Kuoh, 1981 - China
37 Stenocranus seminigrifrons Muir, 1923 - Philippine Islands
38 Stenocranus silvicola Vilbaste, 1968 - Russia (Maritime Territory)
39 Stenocranus spinosus Ding and Zhang, 1994 - China
40 Stenocranus sukumonus Matsumura, 1935 - Japan (Shikoku)
41 Stenocranus takasagonis Matsumura, 1935 - Japan (Honshu)
42 Stenocranus tamagawanus Matsumura, 1935 - Japan (Honshu)
43 Stenocranus tateyamanus Matsumura, 1935 - Japan (Honshu, Kyushu)
44 Stenocranus testaceaus Ding, 1981 (in Ding and Kuoh 1981) - China
45 Stenocranus tonghuaensis Ding, 2006 - China (Jiling)
46 Stenocranus yasumatsui Ishihara, 1952 - Japan (Shikoku)
47 Stenocranus yuanmaonus Kuoh, 1980 - China
48 Stenocranus zalantunensis Ding and Zhang, 1994 - China

Hosts:

Mostly reported from sedges (Cyperaceae) and grasses (Poaceae) as follows (summarized in Bartlett 2010):

Stenocranus agamopsyche - Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. (as Phragmites communis Trin.) (Poaceae: Arundinoideae: Arundineae)
Stenocranus arundineus - Arundinaria sp. (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae)
Stenocranus brunneus Beamer, 1946 - Carex cumberlandensis Naczi, Kral and Bryson; C. gracilescens Steud., C. radfordii Gaddy, C. pensylvanica Lam., C. stricta Lam., C. intumescens var fernaldii Bailey (Cyperaceae)
Stenocranus cyperi - Cyperus sp., Scirpus lineolatus Franch. & Sav. (Cyperaceae)
Stenocranus dorsalis (Fitch, 1851) (as S. unipunctatus sensu Beamer, 1946) - Carex intumescens Rudge (Cyperaceae)
Stenocranus fuscovittatus - Carex sp., Claudia mariscus (possibly a synonym of Melica)
Stenocranus gialovus - Phalaris aquatica L. (Poaceae: Pooideae: Aveneae)
Stenocranus harimensis - Carex thunbergii Steud. (Cyperaceae)
Stenocranus hongtiaus - Phragmites sp. (Poaceae: Arundinoideae: Arundineae)
Stenocranus lautus - Carex lurida Wahl., C. cumberlandensis Naczi, Kral and Bryson; Cyperus esculentus L., Cy. strigosus L. (Cyperaceae)
Stenocranus longipennis - Carex paniculata L. (Cyperaceae)
Stenocranus macromaculatus - Phragmites australis (as Phragmites communis)
Stenocranus major - Phalaris arundinacea L., (Poaceae: Pooideae: Aveneae); Calamagrostis epigejos (L.) Roth (Poeae)
Stenocranus matsumurai - Phragmites australis (as Phragmites communis)
Stenocranus minutus - Dactylis glomerata L., D. glomerata lobata (Drejer) H. Lindb. (as D. polygama Horv.) (Poaceae: Pooideae: Poeae); Brachypodium pinnatum (L.) P. Beauv. (Brachypodieae)
Stenocranus montanus - Neyraudia reynaudiana (Kunth) Keng ex Hitchc. (Poaceae: Chloridoideae: Eragrostideae)
Stenocranus qiandainus - Cyperus iria L. (Cyperaceae)
Stenocranus rufilinearis - Eleocharis dulcis (Burm. f.) Trin. ex Henschel (as Eleocharis tuberosa (Roxb.) Schult.), Eleocharis kuroguwai Ohwi; Cyperus rotundus L., Cyperus triqueter Boeck. (Cyperaceae)
Stenocranus similis - Arundinaria gigantea tecta (Walter) McClure (as Arundinaria tecta) (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae)
Stenocranus spinosus - Phragmites australis (as Phragmites communis)
Stenocranus yasumatsui - Carex sp.
Stenocranus yuanmaonus - Phragmites australis (as Phragmites communis)
Stenocranus zalantunensis - Phragmites australis (as Phragmites communis)

Scientific names of plants from The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov) or USDA, Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) (URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov), or Tropicos (http://www.tropicos.org/)

Economic Importance:

Generally limited, but Stenocranus pacificus (waya waya; "corn planthopper" - not to be confused with Peregrinus maidis) recently reported as an invasive species on corn in the Philippines. 

 

 

Recognition

New World Stenocraninae were recently reviewed by Bartlett (2010), including a key to genus.  Keys to species for North American species can be found in Beamer 1946 and Hamilton 2006.

Key from Beamer (1946)

Key from Hamilton (2006)

 

New World species

Stenocranus brunneus

Stenocranus lautus

 

Stenocranus vittatus

 

A. Stenocranus brunneus; B. Stenocranus acutus.

 

Stenocranus similis

Male

Female

 

Old World species

Stenocranus minutus

 

Stenocranus pacificus

Plates from Beamer 1946

 

Lots of good pictures of this species online, such as on British Bugs here.

Also on British Bugs, Stenocranus major here.

 

Molecular resources

There are no data on this genus in BOLD.  Genbank has data on Stenocranus major here.     Urban et al. (2010) sequence 4 genetic loci (18S rDNA, 28S rDNA, wingless, and cytochrome oxidase I) for three undetermined Stenocranus and Stenocranus major.

Selected references

Asche, M. 1982. Beitrage zur Delphaciden-Fauna Jugoslawiens und Bulgariens (Homoptera Cicadinea Delphacidae). Marburger Entomologische Publikationen 1(7): 99-138.

Asche, M. 1983. Zur Kenntnis der Gattung Embolophora Stål, 1853 (Homoptera Cicadina Fulgoromorpha Delphacidae). Marburger Entomologische Publikationen 1(8): 167-196.

Asche, M. 1985. Zur Phylogenie der Delphacidae Leach, 1815 (Homoptera: Cicadina: Fulgoromorpha). Marburger Entomologische Publikationen 2(1), volume 1 pp. 1-398, volume 2 pp. 399-910.

Asche, M. 1990. Vizcayinae, a new subfamily of Delphacidae with revision of Vizcaya Muir (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea) - a significant phylogenetic link. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 30: 154-187.

Asche, M. and H. Hoch. 1983. Stenocranus gialovus nov. spec., eine neue Delphacidae aus Sud-Griechenland (Homoptera Cicadina Fulgoromorpha). Marburger Entomologische Publikationen 1(8): 7-24.

Ball, E. D. 1903. Some new North American Homoptera. Canadian Entomologist 35: 227-232.

Bartlett, C. R. 2006 (dated 2005). Two new genera and species of stenocranine planthoppers (Hemiptera : Delphacidae) from North America. Entomological News 116(5): 291-303.

Bartlett, C. R. 2010 (dated 2009). Diversity in New World Stenocranine Planthoppers (Hemiptera: Delphacidae). Transactions of the American Entomological Society 135(4): 443-486.

Bartlett, C. R. and A. G. Wheeler, Jr.  2007.  Kelisia and Stenocranus species (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Delphacidae): new host-plant associations and distributional records of eight sedge-feeding planthoppers.  Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 109: 400-415.

Baugnée, J. Y. 2003. Contribution a la connaissance des Delphacidae de Belgique (Hemiptera Auchenorrhyncha Fulgoromorpha). Bulletin de la Societe Royale Belge d'Entomologie 139 (7-12): 207-219.

Beamer, R. H. 1946a. The genus Stenocranus in America North of Mexico (Homoptera: Fulgoridae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 19: 1-11.

Beamer, R. H. 1946b. A new species of Stenocranus and notes on a Bakerella (Homoptera-Fulgoridae-Delphacinae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 19:137-138.

Berg, C. 1879. Hemiptera Argentina (Continuación). Anales de la Sociedad Científica Argentina 8: 178-192.

Calvert, P. D. and S. W. Wilson. 1986. Life history and description of the immature stages of the planthopper Stenocranus lautus (Homoptera: Delphacidae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society 94: 118-125.

Chen, X.-S. and A.-P. Liang. 2005. A Taxonomic Study of Subfamily Stenocraninae (Homoptera, Fulgoroidea, Delphacidae) From China, with Description of a New Species of the Genus Stenocranus. Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica 30: 123-129 [In Chinese, English summary].

Cobben, R. H. and G. J. Rozeboom. 1983. De cicaden in bodemvallen (Hemiptera, Homoptera, Auchenorrhycha). Natuurhistorisch maandblad 72: 102-110.

Crawford, D. L. 1914. A contribution toward a monograph of the Homopterous insects of the family Delphacidae of North and South America. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 46:557-640, plus 6 plates.

Curtis, J. 1837. British Entomology. Vol. XIV. J. Pigot and Co., London. pp. 626-673.

Ding, J.-h. and C-l. Kuoh. 1981. New species of Stenocranus from China (Homoptera: Delphacidae). Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica 6: 74-84.

Ding, J.-h. and F. Zhang. 1994. Delphacidae Fauna of Northeast China - Homoptera Fulgoroidea. China Agricultural Scientech Press. 150 pp. + XVII plates.

Ding, J.-h. 2006. Fauna Sinica Insecta Vol. 45 Homoptera Delphacidae. Science Press, Beijing, China. xx + 776 pp + xx plates.

Ding, J.-h. and C-l. Kuoh. 1981. New species of Stenocranus from China (Homoptera: Delphacidae). Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica 6(1): 74-84.

Dozier, H. L. 1922. A synopsis of the genus Stenocranus, and a new species of Mysidia (Homoptera). Ohio Journal of Science 22: 69-82.

Drosopoulos, S., M. Asche, and H. Hoch. 1983. Contribution to the planthopper fauna of Greece (Homoptera, Auchenorrhyncha, Fulgoromorpha, Delphacidae). Annals of the Institute of Phytopathology Benaki (N.S.) 14: 19-68.

Emeljanov, A. F. 1996. On the question of the classification and phylogeny of the Delphacidae (Homoptera, Cicadina), with reference to larval characters. Entomological Review 75(9): 134-150 (translation of Entomologicheskoye Obozreniye 1995 74(4): 780-794 from Russian).

Esaki, T. and T. Ishihara. 1950. Hemiptera of Shansi, North China. Hemiptera I. Homoptera. Mushi 21: 39-48.

Fabricius, J. C. 1787. Mantissa Insectorum sistens species nuper detectas adiectis synonymis, observationibus, descriptionibus, emendationibus. Copenhagen, Christ. Gottl. Proft 2: 1-382.

Fennah, R. G. 1975. Homoptera: Delphacidae from Ceylon. Entomologica Scandinavica (Supplement) 4: 79-136.

Fennah, R. G. 1978. Fulgoroidea (Homoptera) from Vietnam. Annales Zoologici 34: 207-279.

Fieber, F. X. 1866. Grundzüge zur generischen Theilung der Delphacini. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Zoologish-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 16: 517-534.

Fitch, A. 1851. Catalogue with references and descriptions of the insects collected and arranged for the State Cabinet of Natural History. Annual Report of the State Cabinet of Natural History (Albany, NY) 4: 43-69.

Gonzon, A. T., C. R. Bartlett, and J. L. Bowman.  2007 (dated 2006).  Planthopper (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea) diversity in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park.  Transactions of the American Entomological Society 132: 243-260.

Hamilton, K.G.A. 2006. The planthopper genus Stenocranus in Canada: implications for classification of Delphacidae (Hemiptera). Canadian Entomologist 138: 493-503.

Holzinger, W. E., Kammerlander, I., Nickel, H. 2003. The Auchenorrhyncha of Central Europe - Die Zikaden Mitteleuropas. Volume 1: Fulgoromorpha, Cicadomorpha excl. Cicadellidae. Brill Publishers, Leiden. 673 pp. 1566 drawings, 46 Plates.

Ishihara, T. 1952. A new species of Delphacidae from Shikoku, Japan (Hemiptera). Mushi 24: 5-6.

Joseph, A.N.T. 1964.  A new species of Stenocranus: S. ajmerensis sp. nov. (Araeopidae: Fulgoroidea: Homoptera). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 61: 460-462.

Kato, M. 1933. Notes on Japanese Homoptera, with descriptions of one new genus and some new species. Konchukai 1:452-471 [In Japanese].

Kirkaldy, G. W. 1906. Leafhoppers and their Natural Enemies. Pt IX. Leafhoppers - Hemiptera.   Experiment Station of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association, Entomological Series, Bulletin 1: 271-479.

Kirkaldy, G. W. 1907. Leafhoppers - Supplement (Hemiptera). Experiment Station of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association, Entomological Series, Bulletin 3: 1-186.

Kirschbaum, C. L. 1868. Die Cicadinen der gegend von Wiesbaden und Frankfurt A.M. nebst einer anzahl neuer oder Schwer zu unterscheidender Arten aus anderen Gegenden Europa's Taballarisch Beschrieben. Jahrbuch des Nassauischen Vereins für Naturkunde 21-22: 1–202.

Kuoh, C.-l., C.-L. Huang, L.-X. Tian, and J.-H. Ding. 1980. New species and new genus of Delphacidae from China. Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica 23: 413-426.

Kusnezov, V. 1929. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der transbaikalischen Homopteren fauna. Wiener Entomologische Zeitung, Wien 46: 157-185; figs. 1-19.

Lee, C. E. and Y. J. Kwon. 1980. A study on the local distribution of planthoppers in Korea (Auchenorrhyncha, Delphacidae). Nature and Life (Kyungpook Journal of Biological Sciences) 10: 23-42.

Matsumura, S. 1915. Neue Cicadinen Koreas. Transactions of the Sapporo Natural History Society 5: 154-184.

Matsumura, S. 1935. Revision of Stenocranus Fieb. (Hom.) and its allied species in Japan-Empire. Insect Matsumurana 9: 125-140.

Metcalf, Z. P. 1923. A Key to the Fulgoridae of Eastern North America with descriptions of new species. Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society 38: 139-230, plus 32 plates.

Metcalf, Z. P. 1943. General Catalogue of the Hemiptera. Fascicle IV, Fulgoroidea, Part 3, Araeopidae (Delphacidae). Smith College, Northhampton, Massachusetts. 552 pp.

Metcalf, Z. P. 1949. The redescription of twenty‑one species of Araeopidae described in 1923. Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society 65: 48‑60.

Muir, F.A.G. and Giffard, W. M. 1924. Studies in North American Delphacidae. Experiment Station of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association, Entomological Series, Bulletin 15: 1-53.

Nast, J. 1972. Palaearctic Auchenorrhyncha (Homoptera): An annotated checklist. Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Zoology. Polish scientific Publishers, Warsaw. 550 pp.

Nast, J. 1982. Palaearctic Auchenorrhyncha (Homoptera). Part 3. New taxa and replacement names introduced till 1980. Annales Zoologici 36 (17): 289-362.

Nickel, H. 2003. The Leafhoppers and Planthoppers of Germany (Hemiptera, Auchenorrhyncha), Patterns and strategies in a highly diverse group of phytophagous insects , Pensoft Series Faunistica 28, Sofia, Bulgaria

Nickel, H. and R. Remane. 2002. Artenliste der Zikaden Deutschlands, mit Angaben zu Nährpflanzen, Nahrungsbreite, Lebenszyklen, Areal und Gefährdung (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha et Cicadomorpha). Beiträge zur Zikadenkunde 5: 27-64.

Oshanin, V. T. 1912. Katalog der paläarktischen Hemipteran (Heteroptera, Homoptera-Auchenorhyncha und Psylloideae). 1912: i-xvi, 1-187.

Ossiannilsson, F. 1978. The Auchenorrhyncha (Homoptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark. Part 1: Introduction, infraorder Fulgoromorpha. Scandinavian Science Press, Kopenhagen. 222 pp.

Provancher, L. 1872. Description de plusieurs Hemipteres nouveaux.  Le Naturaliste Canadien 4: 319-320, 350-352, 376-379. 

Sosa, A.J., A. M. M. de Remes Lenicov, and R. Mariani. 2007. Species of Megamelus (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) Associated with Pontederiaceae in South America. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 100: 798-809.

Stål, C. 1853. Nya Genera bland Hemiptera. Öfversigt af Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forhandlingar 10: 259-267.

Stål, C. 1855. Hemiptera från Kafferlandet. Öfversigt af Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar 12: 89-100.

Stål, C. 1862. Novae vel minus cognitae Homopterorum formae et species. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift. 6: 303-315.

Urban J. M. C. R. Bartlett, and J. R. Cryan. 2010. Evolution of Delphacidae (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea): combined-evidence phylogenetics reveals importance of grass host shifts. Systematic Entomology 35(4): 678-691.

 

Van Duzee, E. P. 1897. A Preliminary Review of the North American Delphacidae. Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences 5(5): 225-261.

Van Duzee, E. P. 1910. Description of some new or unfamiliar North American Hemiptera. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 36: 73-88.

Van Duzee, E. P. 1916. Check list of Hemiptera (excepting the Aphididae, Aleurodidae and Coccidae) of America North of Mexico. New York Entomological Society, New York. 111 pp.

Walker, F. 1851. List of the specimens of Homopterous Insects in the collection of the British Museum. British Museum, London. 2: 261-636, 3: 637-907.

Wilson, S. W., C. Mitter, R. F. Denno, and M. R. Wilson. 1994. Evolutionary patterns of host plant use by delphacid planthoppers and their relatives. pp. 7-113. In: R. F. Denno and T. J. Perfect (eds.). Planthoppers: Their Ecology and Management. Chapman & Hall, New York.

Yang, C.-T. 1989. Delphacidae of Taiwan (II) (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea). National Science Council (NSC) Special Publications No. 6. Taipei, Taiwan. 334 pp.